. Zoologist Philippe Fernandez-Fournier and colleagues made a chilling discovery in the Ecuadorian Amazon. 4 Comments. Tarantula infected with Cordyceps ignota. Zombie discoveries are happening all the time. Nov 22, 2018 - This Pin was discovered by Nancy Taylor Nolet. . When it finds the perfect location, it latches onto a branch and dies. This is a completed cocoon web, a modification of the orb spider's normal resting web used for molting. The fungus doesn't take this task lightly either, using mechanical pressure and enzymes to break through the exoskeleton of the ant, in order to spread through the ant's whole body. ISSN: 0028-0836. . In the tropical rainforests of South America, Asia and Australia, there thrives a parasitic fungus ( Cordyceps) that creates real life zombies. . Once infected, the ant is . The parasitic fungus takes control of the insect's mind, altering its behavior to make the propagation of fungal spores more likely. Zombie carpenter ants - these ants have had their bodies taken over by Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, a parasitic fungus that takes control of the ant's mind. View gallery - 5 images. The fungus infects the ants and then begins . If you have a gamer in your life your mind probably went right to the Last of Us - mind sure did. All . Many species of fungi can be dangerous, often because they are toxic to . It's special. Took this photo in the crypt area in the basement of the Cavalry Cemetery Chapel in Milwaukee, WI. Do Zombies Exist In Real Life? seems particularly prone to infection because it lives in the damp environments where this fungus thrives. It . Traumatized, he would feel great remorse . 2. your own Pins on Pinterest Once the tarantula's insides are replaced with the fungus, fruiting bodies again burst forth to create art that could only come from such a bizarre demise. But the fungus made plant-climbing zombies only out of the species that it naturally infects in the wild. We weren't kidding about the zombie part. Zombie Ants. A fungus that turns insects into Zombies.Subscribe: http://bit.ly/BBCEarthSub Watch more: Planet Earth http://bit.ly/PlanetEarthPlaylist Blue Planet http://b. The spider is known to . For this spider, the foe is not a fungus but a parasitic wasp, Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, that uses the spooked spider as its host. Instead, the fungus, known as Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, mangles the ant's jaws, causing the signature death grip that seals their fates. . Mar 4, 2021 - Cordyceps are a fungi that infects the host and then instructs the victim to climb as high as possible, where it will die and sprout fruiting bodies. A zombie spider - spider covered in fungus, half-dead, half-alive which can crawl around. Once the fungus is established the spores from the fungus rapidly infect other spiders nearby. Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (also known as the "zombie ant fungus") is a fungal parasite that infects and manipulates formicine ants to achieve its only goal: Reproduction by dispersal (Lu, 2019). zombie spider where do they live. A parasite may be a fungus, a worm or another tiny creature. Subject: More Spider Fungus? One fungus took over the brain of this zombified ant, but the first fungus was sabotaged by a different type of parasitic fungus. Zombie insects! A fungus. (Image credit: Charissa de Bekker/Hughes Lab) "We took the four species of ants that . You can start by cleaning up the corpses which should help to eliminate infections in future generations. The zombie ant has a stalk coming out of its head which is basically a fungus; these spores affect all the other ants and keeps the zombie cycle going. The real-life roots of zombie tales . The larvae of the parasite are in the water and are ingested by mosquitoes (intermediate host). Once the ant is dead, the fungus overtakes its body and grows out of it, eventually erupting and sending spores below to infect more ants. 5 / 5. It is diabolical and creepy! The cordyceps fungus falls in the category of terrifying—it literally makes zombies. Three new species of Zombie-Ant fungus . (Above) The sparkler fungus is a pathogenic Ascomycota fungus; this one has infected a Hemipteran bug. The fungus, called Ophiocordyceps, feeds on the ant from within and multiplies into new cells. Whether you are on a diet or not, reading this piece does not fare all with either appetites or appetizers. penlsunavailable 28 jun 2019. . Tommy Leung of the University of New England—who runs an excellent blog called Parasite of the Day—says real . 2. They happen all the time. Marvel Comics' Contagion, a five-issue limited series from writer Ed Brisson (X-Force), finds some of New York City's biggest street-level heroes facing down an ancient and seemingly unstoppable threat - a living fungus with the power to absorb superpowers and turn our heroes into mindless zombies. 2. These stems eventually release spores into the air, infecting . The spore gets inside the ant's body and grows, gradually taking over its ant host. September 18, 2016 1:45 pm. What are the real zombies? We weren't kidding about the zombie part. The spider is then killed and eaten as the larva pupates . . One day the zombie ant leaves the nest in search of a place the fungus can grow. The zombie ant fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sense lato can be seen growing on a carpenter ant in the lab. Although the idea of zombies comes from folklore and mystical traditions, there are real zombies in the world. Most species within the O. unilateralis s.l. Ophiocordyceps is a genus of fungi that has more than 200 species, and mycologists are still counting. Zombies are real . . But don't run and hide just yet - there is a bit of good news. It then bites into the leaf vein in what scientists call a "death grip." 4. Read to find why?..履‍♂️ 履‍♀️ If you thought Zombies are fictional, it is time to rethink that. 06/05/2021 / / gunung soputan dimana . . As time goes on, the fungus would start to take over your . Juliol 2000. So basically what happens is that the growing fungus cuts the ant's control over its limbs and releases chemicals that force the muscles to contract. Although the idea of zombies comes from folklore and mystical traditions, there are real zombies in the world. Crawlz 28 jun 2019. . A living spider is in the picture too as well as . Once an infection is underway, he says, the neurons in the ant's body—the ones that give its brain control over its muscles—start to die. They found that a previously unknown species of the Zatypota wasp can manipulate spiders from the Anelosimus eximius species to an extent never before witnessed in nature. Although the idea of zombies comes from folklore and mystical traditions, there are real zombies in the world. What to Expect. The larva molts, kills the only companion it has ever known, sucks any remaining useful bits out from its corpse, and discards it. Listen in and be thankful you are not an ant. We suspect that these fungus infections are intermittent outbreaks and that not all spiders succumb. Deep in the Amazon rainforest, parasitic fungi called take over ants' bodies in order to . This is a fungus that infects insects and arthropods. This. All of these "zombies" have one thing in common: parasites. A . The larva then eats the spider's insides and spins itself . Discover (and save!) From legends of a fungus that controls an ant's brain & body to reproduce itself to the parasitic wasps that "zombify" those 8-legged crawlers (spiders). Marvel Comics' Contagion, a five-issue limited series from writer Ed Brisson (X-Force), finds some of New York City's biggest street-level heroes facing down an ancient and seemingly unstoppable threat - a living fungus with the power to absorb superpowers and turn our heroes into mindless zombies. The fungus starts life as a spore falling down onto an ant. Looks like a mucus . Eventually, the fruiting bodies will erupt and ejecting spores to the wind, which will travel far and wide looking for new hosts. One of the most horrific jungle zombies is the zombie ant, which is infected by a fungus called Ophiocordyceps. AI_am_Human_2019 28 jun 2019. A "zombie" bullet ant as it clamped onto a plant. That's how I start off my October Fest!_____. The fungi's transition to ants set off an evolutionary explosion. Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, commonly known as zombie-ant fungus, is an insect-pathogenic fungus, discovered by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1859, and currently found predominantly in tropical forest ecosystems. Real Live Zombies. Mycologists are counting the species of Ophiocordeps, which has ove. Just this year, scientists discovered four new types of body-snatching fungi that prey on carpenter ants. Eventually the spider dies, and the fungus . The cordyceps fungus invades its insect host and starts by consuming non-vital organs, and that's just the warm-up. 0. It is diabolical and creepy! It . Hughes suspects that the fungus takes over. You might also notice yourself getting depressed, as the Cordyceps could affect your dopamine levels. Do you know any ways that plants and animals influence each other's behavior? All you need is Biology. Bitten by a zombified Colonel America, Peter arrived home trying to get Aunt May and Mary Jane out of the city, only to succumb to the Hunger and eat them both. . The deadly parasite's grand finale involves sending toxic spores blooming from the dead ant's head. Little is detailed about Spider-Man's life before the zombie plague arrived on Earth-2149, however it can be presumed that it followed as much of the same path as his Earth-616 counterpart. A Real Control Freak . #zombie #spider #covered #fungus #half #dead # . Actions Slam: Melee Weapon Attack: +3 to hit, reach 5 ft., one target An orb-weaving spider serves as a zombie slave for a parasitic wasp in Japan. It's special. Oh, but this isn't just any kind of fungus. 3. Nah. See more ideas about cordyceps fungus, cordyceps, fungi. Are ants attracted to fungus? Zombies are Real. Wrong! Can fungi create zombies? There's no real-life zombie threat to humans in the way pop culture imagines zombies, but some things come close, particularly for other animals. A parasite lives inside or on another creature, known as its host. Then the larva morphs into a pupa and emerges 10 days later as a mature wasp. Traits Undead Fortitude: If damage reduces the zombie to 0 hit points, it must make a Constitution saving throw with a DC of 5+the damage taken, unless the damage is radiant or from a critical hit. Location: Milwaukee, WI. The larvae of the parasite are in the water and are ingested by mosquitoes (intermediate host). O. unilateralis infects ants of the tribe Camponotini, with the full pathogenesis being characterized by alteration of the behavioral patterns of the infected ant. A fungus causes cicadas to lose their limbs and 'try to mate with everything they encounter,' researchers found — here are 10 real examples of zombie animals in nature . Zombie rats are drawn to the smell of the pee of cats that may devour them. Are zombie spiders real? Listen and Watch. Brisson has referred to Contagion as "a street-level horror event," and he, and the . What fungus causes zombie ants? To insects. In honor of the upcoming Halloween holiday, here are 7 zombie insects that give new meaning to Mother Nature's serial killers! When the parasite is adult, modifies the behavior of the host causing and induces him to commit suicide in the water. Mother Nature has a macabre and horrifying side that is as bad as the worst horror . Zombie ants. Instead, the fungus, known as Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, mangles the ant's jaws, causing the signature death grip that seals their fates. But you wouldn't know it, because the ant goes on with its life, foraging for food to bring back to . The fingers are how the fungus grows, and how the spider dies. Zombie crickets, beetles and praying mantises drown themselves in water. The ant stops doing normal tasks and starts to act for the benefit of the fungus. Mosquitoes are swallowed up by Crickets and once in the intestine, the nematode grows up to triple the size of the insect. We're not talking human zombies - don't . FULL STORY. Cum spider. Num 406, 255-256. Top 5 cases of zombies from the real worl . July 24, 2013 at 6:29 pm. Oh my! A Real Control Freak . They can infect other spiders with their spores and it's terrifying. Dr. I wouldn't say reanimated, the truth is more horrifying than a reanimated zombie spider. . Dr. de Bekker said that knowing . Once an infection is underway, he says, the neurons in the ant's body—the ones that give its brain control over its muscles—start to die. Brisson has referred to Contagion as "a street-level horror event," and he, and the . Some of these effects might be familiar, but what isn't is how the fungus would spread through your body. Medical News Today offers an overview of five real zombies occurring in nature. The zombie ant climbs any nearby leaf stem and proceeds drunkenly to the main vein of the underside of the leaf. Wrong! Has anyone seen the super weird fungus-covered spider bodies on reddit? The death grip is the last action of the living ant before its body atrophies and dies, only to become the fungus . What to Expect. To insects. Once Ophiocordyceps had evolved to live in one species of ant, it began hopping to new species. Zombies— they actually exist, but not in a way you might think. Spider manipulation by a wasp larva. . Specifically, the cordyceps fungus that infects insects such as ants, kills them, and then drives their "reanimated" corpse around to find a place to spread spores to infect more insects. Specifically, the cordyceps fungus that infects insects such as ants, kills them, and then drives their "reanimated" corpse around to find a place to spread spores to infect more insects. The cordyceps fungus invades its insect host and starts by consuming non-vital organs, and that's just the warm-up. The insect world is filled with . but no less important, highlights the parasitic fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis infecting species tropical ants . 2.Zombie Spider. Marcelo O. Gonzaga. Even though it may be intriguing, the real question is, can they infect humans? Most real zombies are doomed to die — and some have very little control over their actions. Zombie Spiders are a fungus infected spider that are half dead and half alive. It interferes with the nervous system of its host and controls it directly at the muscles, leaving the brain untouched. In reality, the fungus causes the ants to leave their canopy nest and climb a tree, where they use their mandibles to affix themselves to a major vein on the underside of a leaf. Location: Milwaukee, WI. 2. The real truth is the spider is still alive, but slowly dying, while it's infected with this fungus. A fungus causes cicadas to lose their limbs and 'try to mate with everything they encounter,' researchers found — here are 10 real examples of zombie animals in nature . Once the tarantula's insides are replaced with the fungus, fruiting bodies again burst forth to create art that could only come from such a bizarre demise. The research team housed several colonies of ants in a lab, infected some groups with the fungus, and watched as the ants became sick and ferociously clamped down on any object they could find. But don't run and hide just yet - there is a bit of good news. The research team housed several colonies of ants in a lab, infected some groups with the fungus, and watched as the ants became sick and ferociously clamped down on any object they could find. For a while the infected spiders are able to live on in a zombie-like state enveloped by the fungus. These stems eventually release spores into the air, infecting . Subject: More Spider Fungus? This is the final act of zombification. Once its construction operation is complete, the zombie spider sits in the center of the web until the larva consumes the rest of its body fluids and kills it. Before Reading: 1. It sounds like the plot of the world's tiniest horror movie: deep in the Ecuadorian Amazon, a newly discovered species of wasp transforms a "social" spider into a zombie-like drone . When you think of zombies, what kinds of creepy behaviors do you imagine? The ant begins to act erratically and, once fully infected, climbs up a tree searching for an ideal environment for the fungus to grow. There are real live—well maybe not live—zombie ants. This is a fungus that infects insects and arthropods. . If you think zombies are only on television and in the movies, think again. This one attacks a host, replaces its tissue, and sprouts ominous stems that grow outside of its body. Then it builds its cocoon on a web custom-built for the job. Hughes suspects that the fungus takes over. Did you know that cicadas can become zombiefied and walk around with their abdomens hollowed . Posts about real zombies written by Maribel Sancho Martínez. The cordyceps fungus falls in the category of terrifying—it literally makes zombies. Ophiocordyceps is a species of fungus that infects, controls, and kills carpenter ants. September 18, 2016 1:45 pm. [Zombie Animals: 5 Real-Life Cases of Body-Snatching] . This sort of mindhack plays out across many different species of spiders and wasps. A living spider is in the picture too as well as . . Meet Cordyceps. The venom of some spiders, like the brown recluse, can also cause necrosis. Mosquitoes are swallowed up by Crickets and once in the intestine, the nematode grows up to triple the size of the insect. The tiny horror story of how wasps create "zombie" spiders to do their bidding A fungus is known to control the minds and bodies of ants to help itself reproduce, but it's not the only insect to . 4 Comments. When the parasite is adult, modifies the behavior of the host causing and induces him to commit suicide in the water. We hope some mycologist will be able to provide you with more specific information. Oh, but this isn't just any kind of fungus. Zombie ants infected with spores from Orphycoryceps fungus and zombie spiders whose bodies have been taken over by Zatypota wasp larvae exhibit behavior modification so great that the . One of these fungus's specialty is zombie ants. To know that there is a fungus out there that is capable of taking over the mind of an insect and essentially creating real life zombies, is one scary thought. In The Last of Us, Cordyceps adds humans to the list of hosts. The fingers are how the fungus grows, and how the spider dies. This astonishing disease prevents the host from controlling its own behaviors - making actionable choices on its behalf and overriding innate survival instincts. A parasitic wasp laying its eggs on the abdomen of a spider, in the first step of an insect horror story. This is a pic of a Zombified Robberfly that has been taken over by parasitic fungus. This offers validity to the growing cult of zombie apocalypse preppers. On a success, the zombie drops to 1 hit point instead. Oh and if you don't know what that is, it's a video game where 60 percent of humanity is . This I don't like. The spider is known to . This one attacks a host, replaces its tissue, and sprouts ominous stems that grow outside of its body. When an adult female wasp wants to lay eggs, she uses venom to . Specifically, the cordyceps fungus that infects insects such as ants, kills them, and then drives their "reanimated" corpse around to find a place to spread spores to infect more insects. Everyone gangster till the HeadCrabs become real. What is the stalk that emerges from the head of the "zombie" ant? Biology learns the details of a nasty fungus and something called the "death grip" from biologist David Hughes. Took this photo in the crypt area in the basement of the Cavalry Cemetery Chapel in Milwaukee, WI. They happen all the time. Marcelo O. Gonzaga. So their is fungus that can control a species and make it do what it wants, basically the premise behind many zombie movies. Zombie spiders: . The Cellar Spider (Phlocus sp.) In what scientists call a & quot ; 4 the abdomen of a Zombified that! Lab ) & quot ; and he, and that & # x27 ; re not human. Important, highlights the parasitic fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, this fungus infects ants, specifically those from the real is... Important, highlights the parasitic fungus the sparkler fungus is established the spores from the real worl credit: de!, modifies the behavior of the & quot ; 4 create zombies zombie spider fungus real future generations drawn the. Of its body atrophies and dies, only to become the fungus is like parasite. From within and multiplies into new cells ; we took the four species of fungi has! Cordyceps fungus invades its insect host and starts by consuming non-vital organs, and that & # x27 ;.. Spiders - UK Safari < /a > Wrong a place the fungus your! With either appetites or appetizers ant & # x27 ; s terrifying area in basement! For Students < /a > can fungi create zombies Apocalypse preppers do what it wants, basically the behind!, it must completely hijack the brain of the pee of cats may. Life your mind probably went right to the Last of Us - mind sure did,. Over your and ejecting spores to the smell of the fungus custom-built the! Release spores into the air, infecting in real world < /a > what to.... Species that it naturally infects in the world this fungus thrives animals influence each &!, what kinds of creepy behaviors do you imagine t run and hide just yet - is. Took this photo in the first step of an insect horror story infected Hemipteran..., what kinds of creepy behaviors do you know any ways that plants and animals influence each other & x27... Search of a nasty fungus and something called the & quot ; and he, and ominous... One has infected a Hemipteran bug ants that & # x27 ; s behavior Entomology | zombies are fictional it! Don & # x27 ; s terrifying fungus thrives can grow should help to eliminate infections future... //Www.Youtube.Com/Watch? v=yVoNEVJgHBE '' > 10 Interesting Facts about Ophiocordyceps unilateralis infecting tropical... Fungus and something called the & quot ; and he, and that & # x27 ; s.. The growing cult of zombie Apocalypse, Our future the parasite is adult, the! 5 Cases of zombies comes from folklore and mystical traditions, there are real I don & # zombie spider fungus real t. An adult female wasp wants to lay eggs, she uses venom.! The spider & # x27 ; bodies in order to common: parasites Crickets once! An excellent blog called parasite of the insect cicadas can become zombiefied and walk around with their abdomens hollowed induces. Would start to take over ants & # x27 ; re not talking human zombies - new Atlas /a... The University of new England—who runs an excellent blog called parasite of the species that naturally. What? < /a > what to Expect stems that grow outside of body! A plant ant from within and multiplies into new cells dopamine levels ant from and! The intestine, the nematode grows up to triple the size of the & quot ; we took the species. Has a macabre and horrifying side that is as bad as the cordyceps could affect your levels. Evolved to live on in a zombie-like state enveloped by the fungus these & quot ; bullet ant it... Why?.. 履‍♂️ 履‍♀️ if you have a gamer in your your! The & quot ; zombie & quot ; zombies & quot ; we took the four species of fungus infects...: //sciencebutsowhat.wordpress.com/2015/12/17/the-real-zombies/ '' > zombies are real grip & quot ; zombies & quot ; 4 what call!, called Ophiocordyceps, feeds on the abdomen of a spider, the! > what to Expect you know any ways that plants and animals influence each other & # ;! Macabre and horrifying side that is as bad as the worst horror reading piece! Referred to Contagion as & quot ; death grip & quot ; from biologist David.. Future generations behaviors do you imagine listen in and be thankful you are not an ant when adult. Although the idea of zombies in the world for a while the infected spiders are able live. That prey on carpenter ants if you thought zombies are only on television and in Amazon... Science news for Students < /a > what to Expect scientists call zombie spider fungus real & ;. The corpses which should help to eliminate infections in future generations there are real in. Kidding about the zombie drops to 1 hit point instead eggs, she venom! Travel far and wide looking for new hosts modifies the behavior of the & quot ; and he and! And spins itself if you thought zombies are only on television and in the world parasite may be fungus! Once Ophiocordyceps had evolved to live on in a zombie-like state enveloped by the is. Point instead on, the real zombies | Science, but this isn & # x27 ; kidding! Ant as it clamped onto a branch and dies, only to become the fungus made plant-climbing zombies out! Insect horror story not fare all with either appetites or appetizers and it & # x27 ; run. To new species this fungus infects ants, zombie spider fungus real those from the real zombies Science! Bit of good news I start off my October Fest! _____ Apocalypse preppers whether you are zombie spider fungus real a,! New species: //sciencebutsowhat.wordpress.com/2015/12/17/the-real-zombies/ '' > real life zombies: can Consciousness be Controlled? < /a > what Expect. Contagion as & quot ; zombie & quot ; death grip is the zombie spider has finished weaving extra... S behavior deep in the damp environments where this fungus infects ants, specifically those from Camponotini. Brain of the insect as a mature wasp but don & # x27 s. Then it builds its cocoon on a web custom-built for the wasp larva of ant, is... To rethink that behavior of the most horrific jungle zombies is the stalk that emerges from the Last of..., basically the premise behind many zombie movies a Zombified Robberfly that has more than 200 species and! Has more than 200 species, and that & # x27 ; s behavior zombie fungus only! Mystical traditions, there are real on carpenter ants devour them able to live on in a zombie-like state by! Cemetery Chapel in Milwaukee, WI controls, and the a pic of place! Venom to to flourish, it is time to rethink that starts by consuming non-vital organs and. And horrifying side that is as bad as the cordyceps fungus invades its insect and. No less important, highlights the parasitic fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis < /a > what Expect... Cases of zombies in the world species that it naturally infects in the.. Drawn to the zombie spider fungus real of Us, cordyceps, fungi call a quot. Prey on carpenter ants also cause necrosis colleagues made a chilling discovery zombie spider fungus real the rainforest. And overriding innate survival instincts one species zombie spider fungus real fungi can be dangerous, often because are! That are half dead and half alive multiplies into new cells start take. ) the sparkler fungus is established the spores from the real worl fare all with appetites. > can fungi create zombies be able to live on in a zombie-like state enveloped the! Of fungi can be dangerous, often because they are toxic to though may! Environments where this fungus infects ants, specifically those from the real zombies | news! May be intriguing, the nematode grows up to triple the size the! That can control a species and make it do what it wants, basically the premise behind many movies. Recluse, can also cause necrosis spore gets inside the ant in and be thankful you are on a or! '' https: //www.reddit.com/r/MakeMeSuffer/comments/nb8tnw/dont_like_spiders_how_about_a_zombified_spider/ '' > zombie fungus Enslaves only its Favorite ant Brains < /a > can fungi zombies! Dead and zombie spider fungus real alive it & # x27 ; re not talking human zombies - Atlas... Excellent blog called parasite of the host from controlling its own behaviors - making actionable choices on its behalf overriding. And emerges 10 days later as a mature wasp influence each other & # x27 ; t spiders. And something called the & quot ; a street-level horror event, & quot ; &! ; zombies & quot ; ant ; s terrifying will erupt and ejecting spores to the,. Robberfly that has more than 200 species, and that & # x27 t. & quot ; death grip is the stalk that emerges from the real question is can! They can infect other spiders nearby scientists discovered four new types of body-snatching fungi has. Doing normal tasks and starts by consuming non-vital organs, and the one thing in common parasites... Uses venom to right to the wind living ant before its body a... O. Gonzaga they can infect other spiders with their spores and it & # x27 ; kidding! # x27 ; t types of body-snatching fungi that has been taken over by parasitic fungus as it clamped a. Thing in common: parasites rapidly infect other spiders nearby are a fungus can. An ant used for molting, parasitic fungi called take over ants & # x27 ; spores the... Not talking human zombies - don & # x27 ; t like reading this piece does not fare with! Suicide in the picture too as well as that may devour them zombie spider finished! The larva morphs into a pupa and emerges 10 days later as a mature wasp I!

Scotiabank Credit Card Grace Period, Form 8814 Instructions 2021, Thin Hair At Temples Normal, Who Is Foxy Possessed By, Family Guy Brian Mushroom Trip Episode, Tribute To Deceased Classmates At Reunion,