Each participant was to watch a film of a traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? Firstly, they suggest that the results are due to an actual distortion in the participants' memories. It was a laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions. The way the research was done did have implications for some of the participants. It's more common than you might think, and Loftus shares some startling stories and statistics -- and raises some important ethical questions. Loftus did follow the code of ethics, however she may have broken A.Protection from Harm; B.Right to Withdraw; C.Deception; D.Informed Consent. The average difference between the two curves is about .12. . This is a strength because it means that due to the objectivity of quantitative data Loftus can easily see if the numerical data bears any differences in the different verbs that Loftus used in the study with little . +5. Answered by Samuel A. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. was there any possibility of psychological harm? . Loftus did follow the code of ethics, however she may have broken A.Protection from Harm; B.Right to Withdraw; C.Deception; D.Informed Consent. Explain how this study was ecologically valid [2] . Nevertheless, this is so that ethical issues are not. Ethical issues are concerned as they did not get informed consent from their participants which to an extent the participants were deceived because full information about the study was withheld. . Over time, information from these two sources may be integrated in such a way that we are unable to tell from . Five conditions of verbs, 'smashed' 'collided' 'bumped' 'hit' 'contacted'. Loftus and Palmer (1974) found that when asked a leading question about the presence of glass more participants, who were all American students, in the 'smashed' condition than the 'hit' condition reported seeing the glass. See similar Psychology A Level tutors. The accuracy of Elizabeth Loftus' research and its ethics have been critiqued by several people over the last two decades. I8 between the smashed and hit conditions is For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Loftus and Palmer Study. Ethics:-) Films of accidents only lasted a few seconds :-( Car crashes could cause psychological harm or bring back bad memories. 0.0 / 5. Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. Finally, Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiments were considered to show that ecological validity can still be maintained under control conditions but this can affect how participants answer the question. Loftus and Zanni (1975) looked at the way in which the psychology of memory and language can be manipulated. The formation of false memories - Loftus, E.F. and Pickrell, J.E. . 7 films of car accidents and after watching each film were asked question. Yuille and Cutshall interviewed real witnesses of a real crime. So Loftus and Palmer's study can show us that the leading questions act as false information and they distort the memory. Outline two ethical issues in psychological research. . Loftus and Palmer (1974) Psychology Study. The research lacks mundane realism, as the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident and so the research lacks ecological validity. . Laboratory experiment. Loftus and Palmer proposed in 1974 after having obtained similar findings. Ethical Concerns. After the car crash video was played (Appendix . What what extent can research by Loftus and Palmer be seen as ethnocentric Cognitive processes such as reconstructive memory, depend upon the physiognomy of out brain and this is the same in all cultures. By far it's the most popular study to conduct for the IB Psychology IA. Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are. Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. (1995) We often think of memory as being like a video tape that we can wind back and replay as often as we like. (2/4) 449 Words2 Pages. Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus studies memories. on the questionnaires, reserving their confidentiality and ensuring ethical considerations were met. This was because of the participants could have experienced psychological side effects from watching a film clip of a car crash. Sample: Reliability: Validity: Usefulness: Ethical Issues: Improvements & Implications: Here are the mean speed estimates for each of the five different verbs: Smashed 40.5 mph Collided 39.3 mph Bumped 38.1 mph Hit 34.0 mph Contacted 31.8 mph Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest two possible reasons for these results. Loftus & Palmer (1974) 0.0 / 5. For example Loftus collected speed estimates. Due to no screening of the PPS being taken before hand to eliminate any PPS who may react negatively to viewing these videos, this is a weakness of the study as it cannot be said it was completely ethical as PPS may have felt . Catalina ⭐ Answeregy Expert. Ethical issues Deception Participants were deceived during the study. 4635 Views. Method: 45 American students. Bookmark the permalink . An ethical issue in this study was informed consent. Children (age 5-10) and the elderly (age 65+) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible. There are variables that may affect memory and recall. Read More. This can distort the accuracy of the eyewitness' recall because they could imagine details that didn't happen in the event, just from a certain word or phrase in a question. Experiment 1 Participants - 45 students from the University of Washington. Home. 3.0 / 5. Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . One of the questions on Paper 3 asks students to describe ethical considerations that were carried out in a study . Informed consent is where the researcher gets the . The . Explain ethical issues with research in general; Conclusion; Each point is being made at the right time and it . Although, it is very . The effect of language on memory is very relevant in eyewitness testimonies because it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed events. Whereas the unconditional difference of . The "lost in a shopping mall" study (Loftus & Pickrell, 1995 ) originated as five single-participant "pilot" experiments conducted at the direction of University of Washington researcher Elizabeth Loftus. Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. LOFTUS & PALMER (1974) Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a car crash. calculated 8.5% of the result were due to chance. Ethical issue The study has no ethical issues except protection of participants as they may have high levels of stress from the accident they witness, tricking memory. But watch out, the "car crash study" can cause major accidents if you're not careful. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. See all Psychology resources . Slide 7 ETHICAL ISSUES 5. How does loftus and palmer link to the key theme Memory develops from the day we are born; we develop schemas and strategies to process information overtime. Assignment 3 - Loftus and Palmer study replication Introduction Eye witness testimony is evidence which is provided by an individual that has witnessed a crime with a viewing to identifying the person that has committed the crime. From Loftus and Palmer's study into eyewitness testimony: Describe the two kinds of information that go into an individual's memory for a complex occurrence [4] From Loftus and Palmer's study into eyewitness testimony. Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate the accuracy of memory after witnessing a car accident. It also had a dramatic social impact as the findings from the research as it showed how leading questions can distort memory and therefore questions the validity of eyewitness . As a result, Loftus and Palmer's study is considered a laboratory experiment due to the fact that researchers manipulated and measured variables in an artificial environment, in this case to examine how leading questions may affect eyewitness testimony. In the control condition without the gun, 38.9% (7 people) identified the correct person B, whereas only 11.1% (2 people) identified the correct person B in the experimental condition (with the gun). FINDING OUT THAT CERTAIN VERBS CAUSED DIFFERENT SPEED ESTIMATES REALLY INTERESTED THE RESEARCHERS, THEY THOUGHT THAT THE RESULTS COULD BE DUE TO TWO REASONS AND THEY WANTED TO KNOW WHICH REASON WAS THE RIGHT ONEEITHER THE PARTICIPANTS WERE UNSURE AND THE VERB GIVEN BIASED THEIR RESPONSE IN A CERTAIN . Another study that can be evaluated is Loftus and Palmer's 1974 research "Reconstruction of automobile destruction". Loftus and Palmer is popular because it seems so easy, but it's not as simple as it first appears. Johnson and Scott invited participants to a laboratory where they were told to wait in the reception area. 2.4.2 Dealing With Ethical Issues And Humans 2.4.3 Ethical Issues And Non Human Animals 2.4.4 Reliability And Validity 2.6.2 Social Psychology & Milgram P(Y) is lower for hit than for smashed; the difference between the two verbs ranges from .03 for estimates of 1-5 mph to .I8 for estimates of 6-10 mph. Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . was there any deception or lack of informed consent? Possible applications of Loftus and Palmer? Slide 8 LOFTUS & PALMER PART 2 Read Loftus & Palmer (1974) Experiment 2 and answer the following questions: Why did Loftus carry out the second experiment? 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